民主社会主義者サンダースの活躍 －大統領選
ヨーロッパでは極右の活動が目立っている昨今である。そうしたなか、異例の動向を みせているのが米英である。イギリスでは、すでに無名の政治家であったコービンが ブレア以前の労働党の左派として労働党の指導者になる、という事態が発生している。 これに呼応するかのように、アメリカの大統領選挙では、民主党内でそれまで圧勝とみられて いたクリントンにたいし、公然と「民主社会主義」を名乗り、しかも大接戦を演じている サンダースが登場している。彼は年配者だが、彼を支持する熱狂的な若者が活動している 点が特徴的である。 サンダースは、オバマケアをもっと徹底して、国民皆保険制度を実現させる、公教育を 無料化する、そしてそれらの資金をウォール・ストリートから税として取り立ててそれを 用いる、というスタンスを鮮明にしている。 この記事をみていて、改めて思うことは、次の点である。 ・アメリカの若者は教育ローンの重いつけをいまでも背負っているという現実 （これは軽減措置がとられていないのである。しかもローン残高が４０万ドルという 人もいる。） ・オバマケアができたものの、いまでも２９００万人が未保険者のままであり、さらに それ以上の人が保険ではカバーできずに診察を受けられないでいるという現実 ・トップの１％が、メルトダウン以来の新所得の５８％を占めているという貧富格差の 現実 こうした現実を真正面に受け止めている唯一の候補者がサンダースなのである。 ＊＊＊ ヒラリー・クリントンは、ビルと似た政治家である。ウォール・ストリーに断固たる姿勢を 示す、という裏で、ヘッジ・ファンドに招かれた講演会で巨額の謝礼をいまでも受けている、という 現実がある。彼女は夫に顧問になってもらうと述べているが、夫は金融グローバリゼーションの 旗振りをした大統領である。知名度から彼女が選ばれる可能性は高いと 言われているが、彼女にできることはかぎられている。 ＊＊＊ この記事で興味深いのは、米語で意味する「social, democrat」と英語で意味する それとの相違である (liberalという語も然り）。 ＊＊＊ サンダースは「自分が行なおうとしていることはFDRと同じである」、と述べている。 ＊＊＊ Is the US ready for a socialist president? Sanders might be about to find out The Vermont senator has never hidden his views but his proposed policies to overhaul tuition fees and healthcare have branded him a dangerous extremist Bernie Sanders speaks at the 2016 McIntyre-Shaheen 100 Club Celebration in Manchester, New Hampshire on Friday. Photograph: Adrees Latif/Reuters Dan Roberts and Adam Gabbatt in Manchester, New Hampshire Saturday 6 February 2016 13.33 GMTLast modified on Saturday 6 February 201615.11 GMT • Dr Krissy Haglund does not care if she is labeled a socialist. Or an ideological purist. Or, indeed, any of the other epithets thrown at Americans who are flocking to support Bernie Sanders for the Democratic presidential nomination. She knows what she is: fed up. On the campaign bus with Bernie Sanders: 'I am moved by the passion' Read more “I have patients who are deciding not to have children or are unable to buy a house because of their student loans,” says the family physician from Minneapolis, who this week drove four hours with her two children to see the senator speak in Iowa. “My loan is now $283,000,” she says. “It’s gone up $60,000 in the six years since I graduated from medical school. This is a national crisis that needs deep, immediate attention.” As the only candidate proposing to abolish tuition fees at public universities, Sanders frequently takes on the role of a reverse auctioneer, asking members of the audience at his rallies to shout out how much student debt they have. For a while, the record was $300,000. Then he met a dentist who graduated with loans of $400,000. But paying for college by taxing Wall Street speculation is not the only policy that has seen the senator from Vermont branded a dangerous extremist – by his own party. Despite the limited health insurance reforms passed by Barack Obama, 29 million Americans remain without any coverage and many more are underinsured to the point where they cannot afford to see a doctor. So Sanders does the same thing with healthcare, asking audiences to compete to reveal the size of their deductible – the fixed amount per treatment that must be paid by patients before their insurer will contribute anything. At almost every rally someone gets up to $5,000, sometimes in tears. Bernie Sanders talked to the Guardian about Isis, guns and the billionaire class last December – video His plan to replace this bureaucratic and expensive system by expanding the public Medicare program emulates a “single payer” insurance model used in Canada, rather than the direct state provision of Britain’s National Health Service. It aims to reduce overall costs caused by hospitals and drug companies charging the weak US consumer many times the equivalent in other countries that benefit from pooled purchasing power. Nevertheless, when inevitably someone asks if the US can afford to follow other rich countries down the road of universal healthcare and access to tertiary education, Sanders likes to remind them of the trillions of dollars of income redistribution that has already taken place in the opposite direction: a trend that has left median wages slumping, but 58% of all new income since the banking crash going to the top 1%. A few years ago you could graduate high school and get a job and … you’d be able to achieve whatever you wanted Anna Mead, 22, student “Enough is enough,” audience members typically roar by the time he reaches this point in the well-worn speech. “A few years ago you could graduate high school and get a job and just work hard, put on those work boots, and you’d be able to achieve whatever you wanted,” agrees Anna Mead, 22, a student from Long Beach, New Jersey, outside a rally in New Hampshire. “Now, it’s just not the case anymore. We’ve seen vast amounts of inequality just building and building throughout the decades to the extent that the 1% has accumulated such a vast amount of wealth that exceeds 40% of the population. I feel like the United States has always been strengthened whenever we had a president take any kind of policy for the middle class to build them up. When you build everyone up, everyone does better.” The notion, proposed by Sanders, that a corrupt campaign finance system is the only thing standing between voters and a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to change this might seem simplistic. But it is proving wildly popular. From a standing start, he has closed the gap in the Democratic primary race between himself and a once unassailable Hillary Clinton, from 36% to just 2%, according to one national poll this week. Though few believe this one poll to be indicative of the true national picture just yet, real-life voting in the Iowa caucus last week brought Sanders to within 0.3% of Clinton. In New Hampshire, which votes for a Democratic nominee on Tuesday, Sanders is so far ahead of the former secretary of state in the polls that her advisers would be delighted if they could contain his win to single digits. Many are already dismissing the result as a home turf blip and encouraging Clinton to leave the state on Sunday to focus her time elsewhere. Sanders and Trump lead as New Hampshire vote looms – campaign updates In another day on the primary election trail, Clinton puts Sanders on the defensive in a heated Democratic debate Read more Locals in New Hampshire bristle, though, at the notion they would be swayed simply because someone is from next-door Vermont, a liberal bastion that the more libertarian iconoclasts in the Granite State regard with suspicion. This argument also ignores the fact that the state Hillary Clinton represented in Congress is only 50 miles from the New Hampshire border, although New York reportedly has such ambiguous feelings about its former senator that the Sanders camp claims she refused their requests to hold a debate there. Yet much as it pains his supporters to acknowledge any frailty, Sanders is under growing pressure from Clinton during their debates. The attack strategy varies. Sometimes she argues they are dancing on the head of a pin by debating who is a true progressive, but when the policy gulf is illuminated the attack switches to what she claims are his wildly unrealistic proposals. Privately, Clinton’s attack machine has gone further, claiming deep-seated communist sympathies. That serves as a likely prelude to what Sanders might face from Republicans in the still somewhat unlikely event that he wins the Democratic primary. Sanders has never hidden his political background and has left much for critics to pick over. But it is his steadfast determination not to hide from the label “democratic socialist” that causes most confusion. I don’t know what we mean when we say he is a socialist because my idea of Bernie Sanders is that he’s an FDR liberal Sharon Ranzavage, 69, attorney In a lengthy speech at Georgetown University last November, he argued that his political philosophy was most in keeping with that of Franklin D Roosevelt, who similarly proposed a mix of public works, help for the poor and banking reform to lift America out of the Great Depression. “I don’t know what we mean when we say he is a socialist because my idea of Bernie Sanders is that he’s an FDR liberal,” agrees Sharon Ranzavage, 69, an attorney from Flemington, New Jersey, speaking outside an event in Manchester, New Hampshire, on Friday. “He’s back to the future, if you will, and that’s why I’m excited about him. I think the Democratic party in this country has veered very far to the right. We have to get back to who we are, which is taking care of each other. We’re a capitalist country but we need to modify the extremes of capitalism.” Confusion also stems from the fact that Sanders uses the phrase “democratic socialist” partly to stress his belief that change must come through the ballot box, but also because, in continental Europe at least, he would probably be known as a social democrat, a label that does not easily translate to the US. A “Democrat” in US parlance is something the independent senator from Vermont only became when he decided to seek the party’s presidential nomination in May. Anyone using the word “social” in American politics might as well go the whole hog and add the “ist” before somewhere else does. In a British context, Sanders would be hard to place too. Many of his core proposals – universal access to healthcare, paid maternity leave and a more generous minimum wage – are accepted, in principle at least, by all the main UK parties including the Conservatives, who recently put up the British minimum wage as a centerpiece of their budget. Bernie Sanders raises his arms in victory after reaching the House of Representatives in 1990. Photograph: Rob Swanson/AP Hillary Clinton is at her best when she's counted out, campaigning her heart out Jill Abramson Read more In relative terms, Sanders represents a swing to the left for the Democratic party that is analogous to Jeremy Corbyn’s recent victory in the Labour leadership campaign. But on foreign policy and absolute comparisons of domestic policies he would probably be closer to pre-Blairite Labour reformers of the 1980s and 90s such as Neil Kinnock or John Smith. Back in New Hampshire this week, a radical mood is conjured up at rallies calling for a “political revolution” and blasting out John Lennon’s Power to the People. But when Sanders punches his hand into the air, he quickly unclenches the fist, to avoid imagery that is too strident. We will have to wait for several more primary results to know whether American politics could possibly be ready for a self-avowed socialist. Already, the response from supporters to seem to be a shrug that suggests this is the wrong question. “I feel like I finally have a politician who will match my true feelings and hopes for this country,” says Haglund. Is America ready for socialism? Probably not. But it might be ready for Sanders. Sanders fans on socialism What is wrong with being a socialist? Dwayne Hamm, 23, from New Brunswick, New Jersey: I believe what people think is a socialist is: they get confused and think we’re heading towards the dreaded communism. But I think people confuse themselves about what it is Sanders is trying to do and what it is a socialist believes in. You’ll see that there’s nothing wrong. All we’re asking for is equality across the board. And to those who have privilege it may seem oppressive. And I feel that’s what people think the problem is. Dwayne Hamm. Photograph: Adam Gabbatt for the Observer Can you be a democratic socialist? Anna Mead, 22, from Long Beach, New Jersey: I don’t think socialism can exist properly without democracy. Socialism is community regulation of the means of production and distribution. Bernie Sanders supporter Anna Mead. Photograph: Adam Gabbatt for the Observer How do you feel about Hillary Clinton trying to woo young people? Fiona Boomer, 19, from Salt Lake City, Utah: I do have to give credit where credit’s due but as a young person Bernie’s stance on free education would be amazing. I’m deeply in debt as it is. It would be great if that was free. Hillary is debt free and Bernie is tuition free. That’s a big deciding factor for me. I do think Hillary is doing a good job. She claims she’s being more realistic but I think Bernie is realistic. Fiona Boomer. Photograph: Adam Gabbatt for the Observer How likely is it that Clinton will win you over? Rene Casiano, 41, from the Bronx, New York: Honestly if Bernie doesn’t make it I will support her because she’s still better than everyone else on the other side of the spectrum. Rene Casiano. Photograph: Adam Gabbatt for the Observer |
