アフリカ

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アフリカ ・アフリカ大陸を考えるとき、重要なファクターとしてつぎのことがあげられる。 ・1883年のベルリン会議に象徴される、ヨーロッパ列強によるアフリカ大陸の領有権の 　相互承認。つまり帝国主義時代の到来である。 ・第２次大戦後、アフリカでは1960年代になり、続々と宗主国からの独立が実現され、 　豊富な資源を有するこれら諸国には、輝かしい未来が待っていると、期待された。 ・だが、現実は、まったく異なる。多くの内乱、長期にわたる独裁、部族間の熾烈な 　戦闘などなどが、長期にわたって続くことになった。 ・これら諸国は、宗主国の言語を公用語として採用することになった。おそらくそれが最　 　も効率的な近代化への道であるからである。例えば、ニジェールとナイジェリアは主としてフランス語を公用語とするか、英語を公用語とするかで国が別れているのである。 ＊＊＊ ・いまのアフリカをみると、平和的に安定した国などどこに存在するのだろうかとおもってしまう。 ・北部では、リビアはカダフィ体制が崩れた後、内戦状況が続いている。エジプトは、いまではムバラク体制を超える独裁体制のシシ体制になっている。 ・スーダン、南スーダンなどは激しい戦争が続いてきた地域である。 ・チャド湖の周辺国では、猛烈な旱魃が襲っており、人々は飢死に苦しんでいる。 ・下記の記事にあるように、コンゴ民主共和国は名前とは裏腹に昔からひどい圧政の 　続く国で、いまも考えられないような政治状況が続いている。 ・カメルーンのことが最近ニュースになっていたが、その内容は、英語を話すカメルーン人がフランス語を話すカメルーン人からの圧政に抗して、独立を求める運動を起こしているというような話であった。 ・南アフリカは、一時期、BRICS の一角として経済的発展が大いに注目されたのであるが、 いまの政治・社会情勢はかなり険悪である。 などなど。一瞥しただけであるが、全般的にひどい状況が続いている。そしてそこに 欧米中資本が入りこみ、現地の高官と結託して、なにか事業を行い、そしてそれを欧米中 に輸出する、といったプロジェクトが行われている (エチオピアの事例を取り上げたことが ある)。そしてこれらには、ものすごい腐敗・汚職が蔓延しているのが現実の姿である。現 地住民の福祉はまったく顧みられることはない。 *** 'Go Kabila go': new effort to oust DR Congo president despite fear of violence Opposition leaders in DRC call for civil disobedience despite threat of violence as Joseph Kabila refuses to schedule elections Jason Burke Africa correspondent Monday 2 October 2017 18.19 BSTLast modified on Monday 2 October 2017 22.00 BST Opposition leaders in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have called for a new effort to oust President Joseph Kabila, who has yet to set dates for elections in the vast central African state despite his second term expiring nine months ago. “The people are tired,” said Martin Fayulu, an opposition member of parliament, as he called for a month-long campaign of civil disobedience. “They want elections and they want Kabila to go before the end of the year. Even football crowds are now chanting ‘Go Kabila Go’,” said Fayulu, who heads the Engagement for Citizenship and Development party. Other prominent opposition figures have also told their supporters they should prepare for street protests and strikes in the coming weeks to put pressure on DRC’s ruler, who has held power since 2001. The end of Kabila’s mandate in December led to a crackdown on protesters in Kinshasa and other big cities, resulting in at least 40 deaths. In January, the 47-year-old president agreed to hold polls this year in a deal with opposition factions brokered by the Catholic church. Kabila’s supporters say the president wants to hold an election but has been prevented from doing so by a scarcity of funds and by logistical obstacles, such as the lack of a complete and reliable electoral roll. President Joseph Kabila addresses the UN general assembly in New York. Photograph: Bryan R Smith/AFP/Getty Images “As regards the holding of elections, Joseph Kabila is following the constitution and the new year agreement,” said government spokesman Atundu Liongo. Félix Tshisekedi, a leader of the main coalition of opposition parties, and Moïse Katumbi, the former governor of Katanga province and the most popular political leader in DRC – according to recent polls – recently called for Kabila to step down to allow an interim government to organise elections. Katumbi remains overseas, following a conviction for fraud which followers say is false and politically motivated. Analysts say the deal made in early January has now entirely broken down, but the opposition will struggle to force concessions from Kabila. “The opposition has tried to rally in the past, but not very successfully,” said Jason Stearns, director of the Congo Research Group at New York University. “The government shut down protests in December. Its message is simple: if you demonstrate, we will shoot you. And it has done that in the past ... Fayulu is a brave man, but when was he last able to get more than 500 people on to the streets? The opposition has not put a ding in the Congolese government.” International pressure on Kabila is limited, however, and regional powers have shown little appetite to push Kabila to hold elections soon despite widespread concern among observers at the continuing violence in central and eastern parts of the country. Hundreds, possibly thousands, of people have been killed and more than a million displaced by ongoing fighting between militias and government troops in the Kasai region. A rebel spokesman in eastern DRC said last week that his movement intended to march across the country to depose Kabila. Led by self-proclaimed “general” William Yakutumba, the rebel force, calling itself the National People’s Coalition for the Sovereignty of Congo (CNPSC), has emerged as one of the strongest groups in the nation’s lawless eastern borderlands since its formation in June. The CNPSC briefly captured some strategic towns in June and advanced this week to within a few kilometres of the city of Uvira along Lake Tanganyika, forcing UN helicopters to intervene to help government troops drive them back. DRC has been hit by a wave of prison breaks, rebellions and lawlessness since Kabila’s refusal to step down in December. Inflation is soaring and the Congolese franc has lost 30% of its value. The central bank has only enough foreign exchange to cover three weeks of imports. These include the bulk of food and fuel consumed in the country. DRC has been plagued by war and instability since the fall of Mobutu Sese Seko, the dictator ousted in 1997 by a coalition of rebel groups. Western and African powers are concerned that the country may slide further into anarchy, leading to a repeat of the war that killed 5 million people between 1996 and 2003. That conflict was the deadliest in modern African history, involving two rounds of fighting that dragged in the armies of at least six countries.